Yellow-bellied marmot hiding time is sensitive to variation in costs
نویسندگان
چکیده
Many species use refugia to avoid predators, but remaining in a refuge is costly because foraging and engaging in other beneficial activities are curtailed while in a refuge. Thus, we expect that the duration of refuge use will be optimized. We tested a key prediction of this optimization hypothesis in yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris (Audubon and Bachman, 1841), by providing supplemental food next to their burrows to manipulate the costs of remaining in a refuge. We then systematically walked towards a subject that was foraging on supplementary food or a subject that was not foraging on supplementary food until the individual disappeared into its burrow. We found a significant effect of our feeding treatment; subjects with supplementary food emerged from their burrows sooner than those without it. We also found a complex interaction between our feeding treatment and immergence distance (i.e., the distance subjects were at when they disappeared into their burrows). Individuals that tolerated close approaches emerged sooner when food was present, while those that were intolerant of approaching humans took longer to emerge and emerged sooner when food was not present. Juveniles emerged significantly sooner than adults, while there was no detectable difference between emergence times for adults and yearlings. This is the first demonstration in a mammal that hiding time is sensitive to the cost of remaining in the burrow. A number of previous studies on hiding times have focused on ectothermic species. More generally, our results suggest that endotherms are also likely to optimize the time that they remain in a refuge. Résumé : De nombreuses espèces animales échappent à leurs prédateurs en s’abritant dans un terrier. Cependant, cela ne va pas sans coût, car tant que l’animal reste réfugié, toute activité profitable, comme la recherche de nourriture, est suspendue. Par conséquent, une optimisation de la durée pendant laquelle l’animal se cache serait à prévoir. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse sur les marmottes à ventre jaune, Marmota flaviventris (Audubon et Bachman, 1841). Pour cela, nous avons manipulé les coûts reliés au fait de rester réfugié, en apportant de la nourriture supplémentaire près de l’entrée du terrier. Un expérimentateur a ensuite systématiquement marché en direction soit d’un sujet consommant les apports de nourriture, soit d’un individu occupé à d’autres activités, jusqu’à ce que l’animal disparaisse dans son terrier. Les résultats montrent un effet significatif de notre traitement alimentaire: les sujets en présence de nourriture supplémentaire ressortent plus vite de leur terrier que ceux qui n’en ont pas eue. Nous avons, de plus, trouvé une interaction complexe entre le traitement alimentaire et la distance de « perte de vue » (c’est-à-dire la distance entre l’expérimentateur et le sujet au moment où ce dernier disparaît dans son refuge). Les individus tolérant une distance faible entre l’expérimentateur et eux-mêmes ressortent plus vite en présence de surplus de nourriture. Les sujets intolérants mettent globalement plus de temps à réapparaître et ressortent plus vite quand il n’y a pas de surplus de nourriture. Les jeunes de l’année émergent significativement plus tôt que les adultes et les jeunes de 1 an qui mettent un temps semblable à émerger. Notre expérience constitue la première démonstration chez un mammifère que le temps passé à se cacher est soumis aux coûts du retrait dans un terrier. Un certain nombre d’études précédentes sur le temps passé dans un refuge concernent les espèces ectothermes. Nos résultats laissent croire plus généralement qu’il est aussi probable que les endothermes optimisent leur temps dans les refuges. Blumstein and Pelletier 367
منابع مشابه
Predicted fitness consequences of threat-sensitive hiding behavior
In studies of refuge use as a form of antipredator behavior, where prey hide in response to a predator’s approach, factors such as foraging costs and the perceived risk in a predator’s approach have been shown to influence the hiding behavior of prey. Because few studies of waiting games have focused on mammals, we studied the hiding behavior of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris),...
متن کاملSocial Variety in the Yellow-bellied Marmot : a Population-behavioural System
Rates of amicable and agonistic behaviour are not correlated either within or between two colonies of Marmota flaviventris nor is there any consistent pattern of rates being higher in one colony than in the other . Rates of social behaviour are related to population density, the age-sex structure of the population, the individual behavioural characteristics of the residents and potential recrui...
متن کاملEffects of patch quality and network structure on patch occupancy dynamics of a yellow-bellied marmot metapopulation.
1. The presence/absence of a species at a particular site is the simplest form of data that can be collected during ecological field studies. We used 13 years (1990-2002) of survey data to parameterize a stochastic patch occupancy model for a metapopulation of the yellow-bellied marmot in Colorado, and investigated the significance of particular patches and the influence of site quality, networ...
متن کاملGenetic variation in social mammals: the marmot model.
The social substructure and the distribution of genetic variation among colonies of yellow-bellied marmots, when analyzed as an evolutionary system, suggests that this substructure enhances the intercolony variance and retards the fixation of genetic variation. This result supports a traditional theory of gradual evolution rather than recent theories suggesting accelerated evolution in social m...
متن کاملStructure and Location of Burrows of Yelltow-bfelltied Marmot
The yellow-bellied marmot spends approximately 80% of its life in a burrow. Burrows provide protection from the rigors of the environment, predators and other marmots. They provide a hibernaculum in winter and may function as a nursery in summer. Selection of a burrow site is therefore an important aspect in the biology of marmots. Measurements were made on direction of exposure, angle of slope...
متن کاملSocial Effects on Emergence from Hibernation in Yellow-bellied Marmots
The date that yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) emerge at a site in Colorado has been used as evidence that climate is affecting hibernating species. Over 6 springs, and at 16 marmot groups, the date of 1st emergence of males, females, and the group as a whole was recorded. Emergence date of males was a function of the number of males in a group (a metric of reproductive competition...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
دوره شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2005